The legal framework for electronic signatures (eSignatures) in the United Kingdom is largely governed by the Electronic Communications Act 2000 and the Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Regulations 2016 (commonly known as the UK eIDAS Regulation).

Understanding E-Signature Laws in the UK

Electronic signatures, or e-signatures, have become essential to modern business and legal transactions. In the UK, they are recognized as a valid means of signing contracts and documents under certain conditions. The laws governing e-signatures in the UK are primarily outlined in the Electronic Communications Act 2000 and the Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS) Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, which applies across the European Union and continues to be relevant post-Brexit.

E-signatures are legally recognized in the UK for most contracts and agreements, provided they meet the exact requirements as handwritten signatures. According to the Law Commission’s 2019 report, an e-signature is considered valid if the signer demonstrates an intent to authenticate the document, the signature is applied directly to the document (e.g., typing a name or using a digital signature tool), and the legal requirements specific to the document are fulfilled, such as proper formatting and the need for witnesses when applicable.

E-signatures can also be witnessed electronically, but the same principles apply to physical signatures—the witness must be present when the signer applies their e-signature. Virtual witnessing can be acceptable, provided the necessary formalities and evidence of witnessing are documented.

Three Types of eSignatures in the UK

Post-Brexit, the UK kept the eIDAS Regulations in place, which means electronic signatures, seals, and timestamps are still legally recognized. These regulations break down electronic signatures into three categories:

Simple Electronic Signature (SES)

The Simple Electronic Signature (SES) is the most basic form of eSignature and encompasses various methods of electronically signing documents. These include typing your name at the end of an email, attaching a scanned handwritten signature to a document, or clicking “I accept” on an online form. SES is typically used in low-risk scenarios where a high level of identity verification or proof of intent is not essential, such as in standard contracts or non-critical agreements. While it is legally binding, provided there is clear intent to sign, it offers the least security compared to other eSignatures.

Advanced Electronic Signature (AES)

The Advanced Electronic Signature (AES) offers a higher level of security by uniquely linking the signature to the signatory in a verifiable way. To meet the conditions for an AES, the signature must be uniquely linked to the signatory, allow identification of the signatory, be created using signature data under the signatory’s sole control, and be linked to the signed data so that any changes made afterward are detectable. Due to its enhanced security features, AES is commonly used in situations requiring greater verification and protection, such as agreements involving sensitive information or higher-risk transactions. It is more secure than a simple electronic signature (SES) and is often employed in business-to-business contracts, financial services, and specific legal documents.

Qualified Electronic Signature (QES)

The Qualified Electronic Signature (QES) is the most secure and legally binding eSignature type, meeting UK law’s strictest requirements. To qualify as a QES, it must use a qualified electronic signature creation device, be verified by a qualified trust service provider (TSP), and involve strong identification of the signatory. QES is typically required for high-value transactions, contracts, and agreements where the highest levels of security, authentication, and legal certainty are essential. Common examples include banking, real estate transactions, and cross-border agreements. A QES holds the same legal effect as a handwritten signature and provides the highest evidentiary weight in court, as it is presumed authentic.

In essence, the choice of eSignature should be based on the required level of security and verification for the specific document or transaction.

Admissibility and Legal Effect

Under the eIDAS Regulation, electronic signatures are legally valid and enforceable in the UK, carrying the same weight as handwritten signatures as long as they meet the necessary standards, especially for AES and QES. In legal proceedings, e-signatures can be used as evidence, with their admissibility based on common law principles and statutory rules.

Exclusions in E-Signature Usage under UK Law

While electronic signatures are increasingly common and legally recognized in the UK, certain documents still require a traditional handwritten signature. These exclusions ensure the authenticity and formality of specific transactions, particularly in sensitive legal areas. Here are some key examples where handwritten signatures are mandatory:

Wills, Codicils, and Testamentary Trusts: Under UK law, these documents must be signed by hand to ensure the testator’s intent and the validity of the distribution of assets after their death. A handwritten signature clearly indicates that the individual was present and personally affirmed the contents of the will.

Property Transfers Involving Land: While many property-related documents can now be signed electronically, certain transactions—particularly those concerning land transfer—still require a handwritten signature. This is not a mere technicality, but a security measure that protects the integrity of property ownership and prevents disputes that could arise from digital documentation errors or fraud.

Documents Requiring Notarization: In cases where notarization is necessary, such as when authenticating a document for use abroad or for certain legal processes, a handwritten signature remains essential. This is not just a rule, but a practice that ensures the highest level of verification. A notary public must witness the signing of these documents to verify the identity and consent of the parties involved.

These exclusions ensure that critical legal documents are executed with the utmost care, maintaining the traditional formalities where necessary to protect the interests of all parties involved.

Seminal Case Law

The following four cases are examples of where English courts have addressed the use of electronic signatures:

England and Wales

A (Death of a Baby), Re [2011] EWHC 2754 (Fam)

A and others (Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008) [2015] EWHC 2602 (Fam), [2016] 1 WLR 1325, [2016] 1 All ER 273, [2015] 9 WLUK 234, [2017] 1 FLR 366, [2015] 3 FCR 555, (2015) 146 BMLR 123, [2015] Fam Law 1333, [2016] CLY 928

Alliance & Leicester Building Society v Ghahremani [1992] 2 WLUK 256, [1992] RVR 198, (1992) 142 NLJ 313, Times, 19 March 1992, Independent, 9 March 1992, [1993] CLY 3252

AMP v Persons Unknown [2011] EWHC 3454 (TCC), [2011] 12 WLUK 641, [2011] Info TLR 25, (2012) 156(2) SJLB 31

Anderton v Waring [1985] 2 WLUK 274, [1986] RTR 74, (1985) 82 LSG 1417, Times, 11 March 1985, [1986] CLY 2883

Apex Global Management Ltd v FI Call Ltd [2015] EWHC 3269 (Ch), [2015] 11 WLUK 248

Ashton v DPP [1995] 6 WLUK 298, (1996) 160 JP 336, [1998] RTR 45, Times, 14 July 1995, Independent, 10 July 1995, [1995] CLY 4416

Associated British Ports v Hydro Soil Services NV [2006] EWHC 1187 (TCC), [2006] 6 WLUK 575

Aston Investments Limited v OISC Russian Aluminium (Rusal) [2006] EWHC 2545 (Comm), [2007] 1 All ER (Comm) 857, [2007] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 311, [2006] 10 WLUK 470, [2006] 2 CLC 739, [2006] Info TLR 269, Times, 31 October 2006, [2007] CLY 684

Atkins v DPP [20001 1 WLR 1427 (QB), 12000/ 2713ER 425, (2000] 3 WLUK 213, [2000] 2 Cr App R 248, (2000) 97(13) LSG 42, (2000) 144 SJLB 148, Times, 16 March 2000, Independent, 17 April 2000, [2000] CLY 993, also known as DPP v Atkins

Athena Brands Ltd v Superdrug Stores Pic [2019] EWHC 3503 (Comm), [2019] 12 WLUK 279

Attorney-General v Lundin [1982] 2 WLUK 231, (1982) 75 Cr App R 90, [1982] Crim LR 296, [1982] CLY 2435

Attorney General’s Reference (Nos 114 and 115 of 2009) [2010] EWCA Crim 1459, [2010] 6 WLUK 549

Badre v Court of Florence, Italy [2014] EWHC 614 (Admin), [2014] 3 WLUK 250, [2014] ACD 933

Banks v Revenue & Customs [2014] UKFTT 465 (TC), [2014] 5 WLUK 335

Barker v Wilson [1980] 1 WLR 884, [1980] 2 All ER 81, [1980] 2 WLUK 2, (1980) 70 Cr App R 283 (DC), [1980] Crim LR 373, (1980) 124 SJ 326, [1980] CLY 469

Bassano v Toft [2014] EWHC 377 (QB), [2014] 2 WLUK 800, [2014] ECC 144, [2014] CTLC 1177, [2014] Bus LR D99, [2014] CLY 273

Bates v Post Office Ltd [2017] EWHC 2844 (QB), [2017] 6 Costs LO 855, [2018] CLY 376

Bates v Post Office Ltd (No 2) [2018] EWHC 2698 (QB), [2018] 10 WQLUK 291

Bates v Post Office Ltd (No.3: Common Issues) [2019] EWHC 606 (QB), [2019] 3 WLUK 260

Bates v Post Office Ltd (No.4: Recusal Application) [2019] EWHC 871 (QB), [2019] 4 WLUK 150

Bates v Post Office Ltd (No.5: Common Issues Costs) [2019] EWHC 1373 (QB), [2019] 6 WLUK 80, [2019] Costs LR 857, [2019] CLY 431

Bates v Post Office Ltd (No 6: Horizon Issues) Rev 1 [2019] EWHC 3408 (QB), [2019] 12 WLUK 208

Bates v Post Office Ltd Case No A1/2019/1387/PTA 22 November 2019

Bieber v Teathers Ltd (In Liquidation) [2014] EWHC 4205 (Ch), [2014] 12 WLUK 408, [2015] CILL 3609

Bilta (UK) Limited (in Liquidation) v Nazir [2010] EWHC 1086 (Ch), [2010] Bus LR 1634, [2010] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 29, [2010] 5 WLUK 368, [2010] CLY 420

Blay v Pollard and Morris [1930] 1 KB 628

British Estate Investment Society Ltd v Jackson (H M Inspector of Taxes) (1954-1958) 37 Tax Cas 79, [1956] TR 397, 35 ATC 413, 50 R & IT 33

Brown v BCA Trading Ltd [2016] EWHC 1464 (Ch), [2016] 5 WLUK 371

Brown v Secretary of State for Social Security [1994] 11 WLUK 283, [1995] COD 260, Times, 7 December 1994, [1994] CLY 904

Brown v National Westminster Bank Ltd [1964] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 187, [1964) 6 WLUK 133, [1964] CLY 191

BSkyB Ltd v HP Enterprise Services UK Ltd (formerly t/a Electronic Data Systems Ltd) [2010] EWHC 86 (TCC), [2010] 1 WLUK 491, [2010] BLR 267, 129 Con LR 147, [2010] 26 Const LJ 289, [2010] CILL 2841, [2010] CLY 3421

Campaign Against Arms Trade v BAE Systems PLC [2007] EWHC 330 (QB), [2007] 2 WLUK 617

Castle v Cross [1984] 1 WLR 1372, [1985] 1 All ER 87, (1984] 7 WLUK 180, [1985] RTR 62, [1984] Crim LR 682, (1984) 81 LSG 2596, (1984) 128 SJ  855, [1985] CLY 3048

Caton v Caton (1867) LR 2 HL 127

Central Motors (Birmingham) v PA & SNP Wadsworth (trading as Pensagain) [1982] 5 WLUK 265, [1983] CLY 6u, [1982] CAT 231, 28 May 1982, (1983) 133 NLJ 555

Chambers v Director of Public Prosecutions [2012] EWHC 2157 (Admin), [2013] 1 WLR 1833, [2013] 1 All ER 149, [2012] 7 WLUK 933, [2013] 1 Cr App. R 1, (2012) 176 JP 737, [2012] Info TLR 193, [2012] ACD 114, [2013] CLY 625

Chartwell Estate Agents Ltd v Fergies Properties SA [2014] EWHC 1567 (QB), [2014] 5 WLUK 471

Clare (Richard), Peach (Nicholas William) [1995] 4 WLUK 107, [1995] 2 Cr App R 333, (1995) 159 JP 412, [1995] Crim LR 947, (1995) 159 JPN 424, (1995) 92(17) LSG 47, (1995) 139 SJLB 117, Times, 7 April 1995, Independent, 7 April 1995, [1996] CLY 1378

Clark v Midland Packaging Limited [2005] 2 All ER 266, [2005] 2 WLUK 317, [2014] CLY 1057, also known as Midland Packaging Limited v Clark

Clifford v Chief Constable of the Hertfordshire Constabulary [2008] EWHC 3154 (QB), [2008] 12 WLUK 568

Clifford v Chief Constable of the Hertfordshire Constabulary [2009] EWCA Civ 1259, [2009] 12 WLUK 16

Clifford v Chief Constable of the Hertfordshire Constabulary [2011] EWHC 815 (QB), [2011] 4 WLUK 7

Cole v Carpenter [2020] EWHC 3155 (Ch), [2020] 11 WLUK 318

Commonwealth Shipping Representative v Peninsular and Oriental Branch Service [1923] AC 191, (1922) 13 LI L Rep 455, [1922] 12 WLUK 85, also known as Peninsular & Oriental Branch Service v Commonwealth Shipping Representative

Co-Operative Group (Cws) Ltd. (Formerly Co-Operative Wholesale Society Ltd.) v International Computers Ltd. [2003] EWHC 1 (TCC), [2003] 12 WLUK 646, [2004] Info TLR 25, (2004) 27(3) IPD 27023, (2004) 148 SJLB 112, Times, 19 January 2004, [2005] CLY 42

Cracknell v Willis [1988] AC 450, [1987] 3 WLR 1082, [1987] 3 All ER 801, [1987] 11 WLUK 62, (1988) 86 Cr App R 196, [1988] RTR 1, (1987) 137 NLJ 1062, (1987) 131 SJ 1514, [1988] CLY 3122

Creative Eye Photography LLP Helipix LLP v The Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue & Customs [2017] UKFTT 399 (TC), [2017] 5 WLUK 213

Crown Dilmun v Sutton [2004] EWHC 52 (Ch), [2004] 1 WLUK 467, [2004] 1 BCLC 468, [2004] WTLR 497, (2004) 101(7) LSG 34, Times, 5 February 2004, [2004] CLY 456

Crowson Fabrics Limited v Rider [2007], EWHC 2942 (Ch), [2007] 12 WLK 602, [2008] IRLR 288, [2008] FSR 17, [2008] CLY 1280

C&S Associates UK Ltd v Enterprise Insurance Company Pic [2015] EWHC. 3757 (Comm), [2015] 12 WLUK 703

D (A Child) (Fact-finding Appeal), Re [2019] EWCA Civ 2302, [2019] 12 WLUK 409, [2020] 2 FCR 15, [2020] 7 CL 90, also known as Mv X BC

Darby (Yvonne Beatrice) v DPP [1994] 10 WLUK 343, [1995] RTR 294, (1995) 159 JP 533 (DC), Times, 4 November 1994, [1994] CLY 674

De Biel v Thomson 3 Beav. 469

Decouvreur v Jordan [1987] 1 WLUK 115, Times, 25 May 1987, [1987] CLY 1842

Denco Limited v Joinson [1991] 1 WLR 330, [1992] 1 All ER 413, [1990] 11 WLUK 224, [1991] ICR 172, [1991] IRLR 63, Times, 22 November 1990, [1991] CLY 1679

Denneny v Harding [1985] 10 WLUK 291, [1986] RTR 350, [1986] Crim LR 254, [1986] CLY 2881

Derby & Co Ltd v Weldon (No. 9) [1991] 1 WLR 652, [1991] 2 All ER 901, [1990] 7 WLUK 300, [1992] CLY 3472

Deutsche Bank AG, London Branch v CIMB Bank Berhad [2017] EWHC 3380 (Comm), [2018] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 510, [2017] 12 WLUK 407, [2019] CLY 631

Dhaliwal v DPP [2006] EWHC 1149 (Admin), [2006] 3 WLUK 459, also known as R. (on the application of Dhaliwal) v DPP

Dillon v R [1982] AC 484, [1982] 2 WLR 538, [1982] 1 All ER 1017, [1982] 1 WLUK 749, (1982) 74 Cr App R 274, [1982] Crim LR 438, (1982) 126 SJ 117, [1982] CLY 547

Diya v Halifax Plc [2009] EWCA Civ 183, [2009] 1 WLUK 245

Doctor Leyfield’s Case (1572) 10 Co Rep 88, 77 ER 1057

Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) [2003] EWHC 55 (Ch), [2003] 1 All ER 1087 (Note), [2003] 1 WLUK 554, [2003] EMLR 29, (2003) 100(11) LSG 34, (2003) 153 NLJ 175, Times, 30 January 2003, [2003] CLY 390

DPP v Barber [1998] 5 WLUK 294, (1999) 163 JP 457, [1999] CLY 886 10.19

DPP v Brown (Andrew Earle), DPP v Teixeira (Jose) [2001] EWHC Admin 931, [2001] 11 WLUK 426, (2002) 166 JP 1, [2002] RTR 23, Times, 3 December 2001, [2002] CLY 733

DPP v Leigh [2010] EWHC 345 (Admin), [2010] 2 WLUK 136

DPP v McKeown (Sharon), DPP v Jones (Christopher) [1997] 1 WLR 295, [1997] 1 All ER 737, [1997] 2 WLUK 386, [1997] 2 Cr App R 155 (HL), (1997) 161 JP 356, [1997] RTR 162, [1997] Crim LR 522, (1997) 161 JPN 482, (1997) 147 NL] 289, Times, 21 February 1997, Independent, 7 March 1997, [1997] CLY 1093

DPP v Thornley [2006] EWHC 312 (Admin), [2006] 2 WLUK 68, (2006) 170 JP 385, (2006) 170 JPN 656, (2006) 103(9) LSG 32, [2006] CLY 3578

DPP v Walsall Magistrates’ Court [2019] EWHC 3317 (Admin), [2019] 12 WLUK 61, [2020] RTR 14, [2020] Crim LR 335, [2020] ACD 21, [2020] 5 CL 43

DPP v Wood, DPP v McGillicuddy [2006] EWHC 32 (Admin), [2006] 1 WLUK 326, (2006) 170 JP 177, [2006] ACD 41, (2006) 170 JPN 273 (2006) 170 JPN 414, (2006) 156 NLI 146, Times, 8 February 2006, [2006] CLY 951

DPP v Young [2018] EWHC 3616 (Admin), [2018] 12 WLUK 76

E (Assisted Reproduction: Parent), Re [2013] EWHC 1418 (Fam), [2013] 5 WLUK 682, [2013] 2 FLR 1357, [2013] 3 FCR 532, [2013] Fam Law 962, (2013) 163(7563) NLJ 19, [2014] CLY 1408, also known as AB v CD

Edgbaston Golf Club Ltd v Revenue and Customs (VAT – REPAYMENTS: Vat-repayments) [2018] UKFTT 189 (TC), [2018] 4 WLUK 30, [2018] STI 834

Electronic Data Systems Ltd v National Air Traffic Services [2002] EWCA Civ 13, [2002] 1 WLUK 128

Elpis Maritime Co. Ltd. v Marti Chartering Co. Inc. [1992] 1 AC 21, [1991] 3 WLR 330, [1991] 3 All ER 758, [1991] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 311, [1991] 7 WLUK 297, (1991) 141 NLJ 1109, (1991) 135 SJLB 100, [1992] CLY 3931

EMI Records Ltd v British Sky Broadcasting Ltd [2013] EWHC 379 (Ch), [2013] Bus LR 884, [2013] 2 WLUK 812, [2013] ECDR 8, [2013] Info TLR 133, [2013] FSR 31, Times, 23 April 2013, [2013] CLY 1752

Eurodynamic Systems Pic v General Automation Ltd (6 September 1988, not reported), QBD, 1983 D 2804

Evans v Hoare [1892] 1 QB 593, (1892) 66 LTRep NS 345

Eyres v Atkinsons Kitchens & Bedrooms Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 365, [2007] 4 WLUK 369, (2007) 151 SJLB 576, Times, 21 May 2007, [2007] CLY 2955

Fearley v Director of Public Prosecutions [2005] EWHC 1393 (Admin), [2005] 6 WLUK 191, (2005) 169 JP 450, (2005) 169 JPN 735, Times, 6 July 2005, [2005] CLY 729

Ferguson v British Gas Trading Limited [2009] EWCA Civ 46, [2010] 1 WLR 785, [2009] 3 All ER 304, [2009] 2 WLUK 206, (2009) 106(8) LSG 18, (2009) 153(7) SJLB 34, [2009] CLY 3959

FHG Publications Ltd v Tee-Hillman [2001] 11 WLUK 642, [2001] CLY 662

Fiona Trust & Holding Corporation v Privalov [2010] EWHC 3199 (Comm), [2010] 12 WLUK 346, (2011) 108(3) LSG 17

First Conferences Services Ltd v Bracchi [2009] EWHC 2176 (Ch), [2009] 8 WLUK 249

Fitzpatrick v AIG Europe (unreported) 1 July 2015

Freemont (Denbigh) Ltd v Knight Frank LLP [2014] EWHC 3347 (Ch), [2014] 10 WLUK 398, [2015] PNLR 4, [2015] CLY 1796

FSHC Group Holdings Ltd v Barclays Bank Pic [2018] EWHC 1558 (Ch), [2018] 6 WLUK 448

Gallaher International Ltd v Tlais Enterprises Ltd (Rev 1) [2008] EWHC 804 (Comm), [2008] 4 WLUK 504

Garguilo v Gershinon and Brooks [2012] EWLandRA 2011_0377

Garton v Hunter (Valuation Officer) [1969] 2 QB 37, 44, [1969] 2 WLR 86, [1969] 1 All ER 451, [1968] 11 WLUK 46, (1969) 133 JP 162, 67 LGR 229, [1969] RA 11, 15 RRC 145, (1968) SJ 924, Times, 15 November 1962, [1969] CLY 3017

GB Gas Holdings Limited v Accenture (UK) Limited [2010] EWCA Civ 912, [2010] 11 WLUK 260, [2011] 1 Costs LO 64, [2011] CLY 269

Gilham v The Queen [2009] EWCA Crim 2293, 2010] ECDR 5

Colden Belt 1 Sukuk Company BSC(c) v BNP Paribas [2017] WLR(D) 822, [2017] EWHC 3182  (Comm), [2018] 3 All ER 113, [2018] 1 All ER (Comm) 1126, [2018] Bus LR 816, [2017] 12 WLUK 159, [2018] 1 BCLC 385, [2018] CLY 1736

Golden Ocean Group Limited v Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Ltd [2011] EWHC 56 (Comm) 95, [2011] 1 LUK 356, [2011] 1 CLC 125, [2011] CILL. 3022, [2011] CLY 3112

Golden Ocean Group Ltd v Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 265, [2012] 1 WLR 3674, [2012] 3 All ER 842, [2012] 2 All ER (Comm) 978, [2012] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 542, [2012] 3 WLUK 313, [2012] 1 CLC 479, [2012] CILL 3161, (2012) 162 NLJ 425, [2012] CLY 3047

Goodman v J Eban Limited [1954] 1 QB 550, [1954] 2 WLR 581, [1954] 1 All ER 763, [1954] 3 WLUK 22, (1954) 98 SJ 214, [1954] CLY 3173

Gopaul v Naidoo [2014] EWHC 2684 (QB), [2014] 7 WLUK 1132

Gordon v Thorpe [1985] 10 WLUK 38, [1986] RTR 358, [1986] Crim LR 61, [1986] CLY 2950

Gorham v Brice (1902) 18 TLR 424

Grant v Southwestern and Country Properties Ltd [1975] 1 Ch 185, [1974] 3 WLR 221, [1974] 2 All ER 465, [1974] 2 WLUK 81, [1974] 118 SJ 548, [1974] CLY 2941

Great Future International Ltd v Sealand Housing Corporation [2002] EWCA Civ 1183, [2002] 7 WLUK 689, [2003] CP Rep 3, [2003] CLY 276

Greater Manchester Police v Andrews [2011] EWHC 1966 (Admin), [2011] 5 WLUK 614, [2012] ACD 18

Green (Liquidator of Stealth Construction Ltd) v Ireland [2011] EWHC 1305 (Ch), [2011] 5 WLUK 588, [2012] 1 BCLC 297, [2011] BPIR 1173, [2011] CLY 1875

Greenaway v DPP [1993] 2 WLUK 40, (1994) 158 JP 27, [1994] RTR 17, (1993) 157 JPN 234, [1994] CLY 3978

Greene v Associated Newspapers Limited [2004] EWCA Civ 1462, [2005] QB 972, [2005] 3 WLR 281, [2005] 1 All ER 30, [2004] 11 WLUK 165, [2005] EMLR 10, (2004) 101(45) LSG 31, (2004) 148 SJLB 1318, Times, 10 November 2004, Independent, 9 November 2004, [2005] CLY 970

Griffiths v DPP [2007] EWHC 619 (Admin), [2007] 3 WLUK 572, [2007] RTR 44, [2007] CLY 3537

Hall v Cognos Limited (Hull Industrial Tribunal, 1997) Case No 1803325/97

7.53, 7.122, 7.150, 715

Halliburton Energy Services Inc v Smith International (North Sea) Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 1715, [2006] 12 WLUK 379, (2007) 30(2) IPD 30009

Hammersley v De Biel, an infant, by Blake [1845] 12 Clark & Finnelly 45, 8 ER 1312

Harry Parker v Mason [1940] 2 KB 590, [1940] 4 All ER 199, [1940] 8 WLUK 1

Hastie and Jenkerson v McMahon [1990] 1 WLR 1575, [1991] 1 All ER 255, [1990] 3 WLUK 425, [1990] RVR 172, (1990) 134 SJ 725, [1991] CLY 2950

Hedrich v Standard Bank London Limited [2008] EWCA Civ 905, [2008] 7 WLUK 916, [2009] PNLR 3, [2009] CLY 386

Hill v R [1945] 3 KB 329

Hindson v Ashby [1896] 2 Ch 1 (CA) 21

Holmes v Mackrell (1858) 3 CB (NS) 789, 140 ER 953

Hucklesby v Hook 82 LT 117

Hughes v McConnell [1986] 1 All ER 268, [1985] 2 WLUK 235 [1985] RTR  244, [1985] CLY 3055

Ibcos Computers Ltd v Barclays Mercantile Highland Finance Ltd [1994] 2 WLUK 353, [1994] FSR 275, [1998) Mason CLR Rep 1, [1995] CLY 854

IG Markets v Crinion [2013) EWCA Civ 587, [2013] 5 WLUK 621, [2013]  CP Rep 41, Times, 31 July 2013, [2013] CLY 387, also known as  Crinion v IG Markets Ltd

Islamic Investment Company of the Gulf (Bahamas) Ltd v Symphony Gems NV [2014] EWHC 3777 (Comm), [2014] 11 WLUK 521

ISTIL Group Inc v Zahoor (2003] EWHC 165 (Ch), [2003] 2 All ER 252, [2003] 2 WLUK 476, [2003] CP Rep 39, Independent, 7 April 2003, [2003] CLY 451

Job v Halifax PLC (April 2009, unreported) Nottingham County Court

Jones v Hamilton [2017) EWHC 1065 (Ch), [2017] 5 WLUK 385

J Pereira Fernandes SA v Mehta [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch), [2006] 1 WLR 1543, [2006] 2 All ER 891, [2006] 1 All ER (Comm) 885, [2006] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 244, [2006] 4 WLUK 182, [2006] Info TLR 203, Times, 16 May 2006, [2006] CLY 774, also known as Metha v J Pereira Fernandes SA

Kajala v Noble [1982] 3 WLUK 133, (1982) 75 Cr App R 149, [1982] Crim. LR 433, [1982] CLY 605

Kemsley v DPP [2004] EWHC 278 (Admin), [2004] 2 WLUK 65, (2005) 169 JP 148, (2005) 169 JPN 239, [2005] CLY 874

Kennedy v Information Commissioner [2010] EWHC 475 (Admin), [2010] 1 WLR 1489, [2010] 1 WLUK 285, [2010] CLY 65

Khatibi v DPP [2004] EWHC 83 (Admin), [2004] 1 WLUK 531, (2004) 168 JP 361

Kingsway Hall Hotel Ltd v Red Sky IT (Hounslow) Ltd [2010] EWHC 965 (TCC), [2010] 5 WLUK 106, (2010) 26 Const LJ 542, [2011] CLY 2777

Lachaux v Lachaux [2017] EWHC 385 (Fam), [2017] 4 WLR 57, [2017] 3 WLUK 67, [2018] 1 FLR 380, [2017] 2 FCR 678, [2017] CLY 984

LC Services Limited v Brown [2003] EWHC 3024 (QB), [2003] 12 WLUK 391

L’Estrange v F Graucob Limited [1934] 2 KB 394, [1934] 2 WLUK 22

Lindsay v O’Loughnane [2010] EWHC 529 (QB) [2010] 3 WLUK 515, [2012] BBC 153

Lobb and Knight v Stanley (1844) 5 QB 574, 114 ER 1366

Love v United States [2018] EWHC 172 (Admin), [2018] 1 WLR 2889, [2018] 2 All ER 911, [2018] 2 WLUK 89, [2018] Lloyd’s Rep PC 217,  [2018] ACD 33, [2018] CLY 988

LTE Scientific Ltd v Thomas [2005] EWHC 7 (QB), [2005] 1 WLUK 38 The Luna [1920] P 22

Lyell v Kennedy (No. 3) (1884) 50 LT 730

Maersk Oil UK Ltd v Dresser-Rand (UK) Ltd [2007] EWHC 752 (TCC), [2007] 4 WLUK 50

Maher v DPP [2006] EWHC 1271 (Admin), [2006] 5 WLUK 333, (2006) 170 JP 441, (2006) 170 JPN 780, [2006] CLY 789

Makdessi v Cavendish Square Holdings BV ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis [2015]  UKSC 67, [2016] AC 1172, [2015] 3 WLR 1373, [2016] 2 All ER 519, [2016] 2 All ER (Comm) 1, [2016] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 55, [2015] 11 WLUK 78, [2015] 2 CLC 686, [2016] BLR 1, 162 Con LR 1, [2016] RTR 8, [2016] CILL 3769, Times, 23 November 2015, [2016] CLY 437, also known as Cavendish Square Holding BV v Makdessi, El Makdessi v Cavendish Square Holdings BV

Masood v Zahoor [2008] EWHC 1034 (Ch), [2008] 5 WLUK 282

Marlton v Tectronix UK Holdings [2003] EWHC 383 (Ch), [2003] 2 WLUK

269, [2003] Info Tech LR 258, [2004] CLY 341

Masquerade Music Ltd v Springsteen [2001] EWCA Civ 563, [2001] 4 WLUK 239, [2001] CP Rep 85, [2001] CPLR 369, [2001] EMLR 25, Independent, 24 April 2001, Daily Telegraph, 17 April 2001, [2001] CLY 392

Maughan v Wilmot [2016] EWHC 29 (Fam), [2016] 1 WLR 2200, [2016] 1 WLUK 90, [2016] 2 FLR 1349, [2016] Fam Law 307, [2016] CLY 316

May v O’Sullivan (1955) 92 CLR 654

Mayon v DPP [1988] 2 WLUK 53, [1988] RTR 281, [1988] CLY 3124

McDonald v R [2011] EWCA Crim 2933, [2011] 12 WLUK 556

McShane (Yolande Tregenna) [1977] 7 WLUK 2, (1978) 66 Cr App R 97, [1977] Crim LR 737, (1977) 121 SJ 632, [1978] CLY 636

Media CAT Limited v Adams [2011] EWPCC 6, [2011] 2 WLUK 291, [2011] FSR 28, [2011] CLY 1945

Melhuish v Morris [1938] 4 All ER 98, [1938] 10 WLUK 7

Mercury Tax Group Ltd, R (on the application of) v HM Commissioners of Revenue & Customs [2008] EWHC 2721 (Admin), [2009] STC 743, [2008] 11 WLUK 303, [2009] Lloyd’s Rep FC 135, [2009] BTC 3, [2008] STI 2670, [2009] CLY 3928

Miller-Foulds v Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs [2008] EWHC 3443 (Ch), [2008] 11 WLUK 517

Miller-Foulds v Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs [2009] EWCA Civ 1132

Miseroy v Barclays Bank pic (Case No 1201894/2002) (18 March 2003, unreported) Bedford employment tribunal

Mitrasinovic v Stroud [2020] EWHC 914 (QB), [2020] 4 WLUK 156

MK, R v [2007] EWCA Crim 3150, [2007] 12 WLUK 47, (2008) 172 JP 538,

(2008) 172 JPN 757, [2009] CLY 752

Mogford v Secretary of State for Education and Skills [2002] EWCST 11(PC)

Myers (James William) v DPP [1965] AC 1001, [1964] 3 WLR 145, [1964] 2 All ER 881, [1964] 6 WLUK 79, (1964) 48 C App R 3488, (1964) 128 JP 481, (1964) 108 SJ 519, [1964] CLY 1461

National Bank Trust v Yurov [2020] EWHC 100 (Comm), [2020] 1 WLUK 148

Neocleous v Rees [2019] EWHC 2462 (Ch), [2019] 9 WLUK 295, [2020] 2 P & CR 4, [2020] 1 P & CR DG8

Nicholas Prestige Homes v Neal [2010] EWCA Civ 1552, [2010] WLUK 9, (2010) 107(48) LSG 14

Nucleus Information Systems v Palmer [2003] EWHC 2013 (Ch), [2003] 7 WLUK 636

Nicholas v Penny [1950] 2 KB 466, [1950] 2 All ER 89, 66 TLR (Pt. 1) 1122, [1950] 5 WLUK 20, (1950) 114 JP 335, 48 LGR 535, 21 ALR2d 1193, (1950) 94 SJ 437, [1947-51] CLY 9158, also known as Penny v Nicholas

Noble Resources SA v Gross [2009] EWHC 1435 (Comm), [2009] 6 WLUK 558

Norwich Pharmacal Co v Customs and Excise Commissioners [1973] 3 WLR 164, [1973] 2 All ER 943, [1973] 6 WLUK 112, [1973] FSR 365, [1974] RPC 101, (1973) 117 SJ 567, [1973] CLY 2643

Ogilvie v Foljambe (1817) 3 Mer 53, 36 ER 21

Omychund v Barker 1 Atk 22, 26 ER 15

Orton v Collins [2007] EWHC 803 (Ch), [2007] 1 WLR 2953, [2007] 3 All ER 863, [2007] 4 WLUK 353, [2007] 2 EGLR 147, 2007) 151 SJLB 608, [2007] NPC 49, [2007] CLY 488

Otkritie International Investment Management Ltd v Urumov (Rev 1 – amended charts) [2014] EWHC 191 (Comm), [2014] 2 WLUK 286

Owen v Chesters [1984] 11 WLUK 108, (1985) 149 JP 295, [1985] RTR 191, [1985] Crim LR 156, (1985) 82 LSG 443, (1984) 129 SJ 856, [1985] CLY 3054

Owners of the Global Mariner v Owners of the Atlantic Crusader, sub nom Global Mariner, The, Atlantic Crusader, The [2005] EWHC 380 (Admlty), [2005] 2 All ER (Comm) 389, [2005] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 699, [2005] 3 WLUK 782, [2005] 1 CLC 413, (2005) 155 NLJ 594, [2005] CLY 3794

The Owners of the Ship Pelopidas v The Owners of the Ship TRSL Concord [1999] 2 All ER 737 (Comm), [1999] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 675, [1999] 10 WLUK 259, [2000] CLY 4677

Parker v The South Eastern Railway Company (1877) 2 CPD 416

Plancq v Marks (1906) 94 LT NS 577

Polydor Ltd v Brown [2005] EWHC 3191 (Ch), [2005] 11 WLUK 760, (2006) 29(3) IPD 29021

Post Office Ltd v Castleton [2007] EWHC 5 (QB), [2007] 1 WLUK 381

Post Office Counters Ltd v Mahida [2003] EWCA Civ 1583, [2003] 10 WLUK 601, Times, 31 October 2003, [2004] CLY 248

Prest v Marc Rich & Company Investment AG [2006] EWHC 927 (Comm), [2006] 3 WLUK 109

Pryor v Pryor (1860) LJR 29 NS P, M & A 114

Pyrrho Investments Ltd v MWB Property Lta [2016] EWHC 256 (Ch), [2016] 2 WLUK 413

The Queen v Churchwardens, Overseers and Guardians of the Poor of the Parish of Birmingham (1861) 1 B & S 763, 767, 121 ER 897

The Queen on the Application of Neculai Jugan v Deta Court of First Instance, Romania [2014] EWHC 460 (Admin), [2014] 2 WLUK 261

Ratten (Leith McDonald) v Queen, The [1972] AC 378, [1971] 3 WLR 930, [1971] 3 All ER 801, [1971] 10 WLUK 28, (1972) 56 Cr App R 18, (1971) 115 SJ 889, [1971] CLY 4587

Re a debtor (No 2021 of 1995), Ex p, Inland Revenue Commissioners v The debtor, Re a debtor (No 2022 of 1995), Ex, Inland Revenue Commissioners v The debtor [1996] 2 All ER 345, [1995] 11 WLUK 290, [1996] BCC 189, [1996] 1 BCLC 538, [1996] BPIR 398, [1996] CLY 3469

Reid v DPP [1998] 2 WLUK 401, [1999] RR 357, [1998] Masons CLR 269, Times, 6 March 1998, [1998] CLY 897

Regina v Thomas Closs (1858) LRCCR 460, Dears & B. 460

R. v Ahmed (Nabil) [1984] 12 WLUK 43, (1985) 80 Cr App R 295, (1984) 6 Cr App R (S) 391, [1985] Crim LR 250, [1985] CLY 828

R. v Ali (Maqsud), R. v Hussain (Ashiq) [1966] 1 QB 688, [1965] 3 WLR 229, [1965] 2 All ER 464, [1965] 4 WLUK 27, (1965) 49 Cr App R 230, (1965) 129 JP 396, (1965) 109 SJ 331, [1965] CLY 796

R. v Andrews (Donald Joseph) [1987], AC 281, [1987] 2 WLR 413, [1987] 1 All ER 513, [1987] 2 WLUK 72, (1987) 84 Cr App R 382, [1987] Crim LR 487, (1987) 151 JPN 254, [1987] CLY 659

R v Aspinall (1876) 3 QBD 48

R. v B (C) [2010] EWCA Crim 3009, [2010] 12 WLUK 262

R. v Bailey (Tyrone) [2008] EWCA Crim 817, [2008] 4 WLUK 498

R. v Bains (Pardeep Singh) [2010] EWCA Crim 873, [2010] Crim LR 937

R. v Blackshaw (Jordan Philip) [2011] EWCA Crim 2312, [2012] 1 WLR 1126, [2011] 10 WLUK 465, [2012] 1 Cr App R (S) 114, [2012] Crim LR 57, (2011) 108(42) LSG 19, Times, 25 October 2011, [2011] CLY 3030

R. v Blastland (Douglas) [1986] AC 41, [1985] 3 WLR 345, [1985] 2 All ER 1095, [1985] 7 WLUK 293, (1985) 81 Cr App R 266, [1985] Crim LR 727, [1985] CLY 578

R. v Breakwell (Jake) [2009] EWCA Crim 2298, [2009] 10 WLUK 647

R. v Breddick (Christopher) [2001] EWCA Crim 984, [2001] 3 WLUK 790, Independent, 21 May 2001, also known as Rv Briddick (Christopher)

R. (on the application of Bridges) v Chief Constable of South Wales [2019] EWHC 2341 (Admin), [2020] 1 WLR 672, [2020] 1 All ER 864, [2019] 9 WLUK 9, [2020] 1 Cr App R 3, [2019] HRLR 16, [2019] ACD 122, Times, 9 December 2019, Times, 11 December 2019, [2019] 11 CLY 1389

R v Brooker [2014] EWCA Crim 1998, also cited as AG’s Ref: 071 of 2014, R v B (R CA) (2014)

R. v Brown (Nico) [2019] EWCA Crim 1143, [2019] 1 WLR 6721, [2019] 7 WLUK 41, [2019] 2 Cr App R 25, [2020] Crim LR 71, [2019] CLY 647

R. v Bucknor (Ashley Dwayne) [2010] EWCA Crim 1152, [2010] 5 WLUK 731

R v Burr and Sullivan [1956] Crim LR 442

R v Caffrey (October 2003, unreported) (Southwark Crown Court)

R v Cahill, R v Pugh 14 October 2014, Crown Court at Cardiff, T20141094 and T20141061 (not reported)

R v Caldwell, R v Dixon [1993] 5 WLUK 237, (1994) 99 Cr App R 73, [1993] Crim LR 862, [1995] CLY 933

R v Calland (Sean Thomas) [2017] EWCA Crim 2308, [2017] 12 WLUK 706

R v Chrysostomou [2010] EWCA Crim 1403, [2010] 6 WLUK 547, [2010] Crim LR 942, [2011] CLY 609

R v Clarke (Robert Lee) [1994] 12 WLUK 118, [1995] 2 Cr App R 425, Times, 26 December 1994, Independent, 30 January 1995, [1996] CLY 1373, also known as R. v Clarke (Bobby Lee)

R v Cochrane [1992] 6 WLUK 63, [1993] Crim LR 48 (CA), [1993] CLY 366

R (on the application of Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office [2008] UKHL 60, [2009] 1 AC 756, [2008] 3 WLR 568, [2008] 4 All ER 927, [2008] 7 WLUK 921, [2008] Lloyd’s Rep FC 537, [2009] Crim LR 46, (2008) 158 NLJ 1149, (2008) 152(32) SJLB 29, Times, 31 July 2008, [2008] CLY 1661

R. v Coultas (Kiera) [2008] EWCA Crim 3261, [2008] 9 WLUK 352

R v Coventry Justices, Ex p Bullard [1992] 2 WLUK 233, (1992) 95 Cr App R 175, [1992] RA 79 [1992] COD 285, (1992) 142 NLJ 383, Times, 24 February 1992, Independent, 26 February 1992, Guardian, 11 March 1992, [1992] CLY 2058

R v Coventry Magistrates’ Court Ex p. Perks [1984] 7 WLUK 215, [1985] RTR 74, [1985] CLY 3051

R. v Crown Prosecution Service Ex p. Spurrier [1999] 7 WLUK 431, (2000) 164 JP 369, [2000] RTR 60, Times, 12 August 1999, [1999] CLY 883, also known as DPP v Spurrier

R. v Cutler (Barry George) [2011] EWCA Crim 2781, [2011] 10 WLUK 732

R v Davis [2006] EWCA Crim 1155, [2006] 1 WLR 31300, [2006] 4 All ER 648, [2006] 5 WLUK 528, [2006] 2 Cr App R 322, [2007] Crim LR 70, Times, 1 June 2006, [2006] CLY 989

R v Daye (Arthur John) [1908] 2 KB 333 (KBD)

R. v Dean (Jeanette), R. v Bolden (Robert Allen) [1998] 2 WLUK 562, (1998) 2 Cr App R 171, [1998] CLY 984

R. v Debnath (Anita) [2005] EWCA Crim 3472, [2005] 12 WLUK 64, [2006] 2 Cr App R (S) 25, [2006] Crim LR 451, [2006] CLY 855

R. v Derodra (Kishor) [1999] 5 WLUK 342, [2000] 1 Cr App R 41, [1999] Crim LR 978, Independent, 10 June 1999, [1999] CLY 873

R v Ann Diggles T20157203 Preston Crown Court (February 2017, unreported)

R v Dodson (Patrick), R v Williams (Danny Fitzalbert Williams) [1984] 1 WLR 971, [1984] 4 WLUK 121, (1984) 79 Cr App R 220, [1984] Crim LR 489, (1984) 81 LSG 1677, (1984) 128 SJ 364, [1984] CLY 605

R. v Doyle (Hugh), R. v Wood (Carl), R. V Lincoln (William) (2017] EWCA Crim 340, [2017] 2 WLUK 194

R (on the application of DPP) v Crown Court at Caernarfon [2019] EWHC 767 (Admin), [2019] 3 WLUK 830

R (on the application of DPP) v Manchester and Salford Magistrates’ Court  [2017] EWHC 3719 (Admin), [2019] WLR 2617, [2017] 7 WLUK 154, also known as DPP v Manchester and Salford Magistrates’ Court

R. v Ewing (Terence Patrick) [1983] QB 1039, [1983] 3 WIR 1, [1983] 2 All ER 645, [1983] 3 WLUK 125, (1983) 77 Cr App R 47, [1984] ECC 234, [1983] Crim LR 472, (1983) 127 SJ 390, Times, 15 March 1983, [1983] CLY 63

R. v Fagan (Taariq), R. Fergus (Michael) [2012] EWCA Crim 2248, [2012] 9 WLUK 121

R v Feltis (Jeremy) [1996] EWCA Crim 776, [1966] 8 WLUK 104

R v Flynn and St John [2008] EWCA Crim 970, 2008] 5 WLUK 53, [2008] 2 Cr App R 20, [2008] Crim LR 799, [2008] CLY 701

R v Fowden and White [1982] 2 WLUK 48, [1982] Crim LR 588, [1982] CLY 607

R. v Fox (Craig) [2010] EWCA Crim 1280, [2010] 4 WLUK 461

R. v Foxley (Gordon) [1995] 2 WLUK 75, [1995] 2 Cr App R 523, [1995] 2 Cr App Rep 523, [1995] 16 Cr App R (S) 879, [1995] Crim LR 636, Times, 9 February 1995, Independent, 3 April 1995, [1995] CLY 918

R. v Gardner (Trevor Elton) [2004] EWCA Crim 1639, [2004] 6 WLUK 615

R. v Gold (Stephen William), R. v Schifreen (Robert Jonathan) [1988] AC 1063, [1988] 2 WLR 984, [1988] 2 All ER 186, [1988] 4 WLUK 121, (1988) 87 Cr App R 257, (1988) 152 JP 445, [1988] Crim LR 437, (1988) 152 JPN 478, (1988) 85(19) LSG 38, (1988) 138 NLJ Rep 117, (1988)

132 SJ 624, [1988] CLY 787

R v Governor of Brixton Prison, ex p Levin [1997] AC 741, [1997) 3 WLR 117, [1997] 3 All ER 289, [1997] 6 WLUK 335, [1998] 1 Cr App R22, [1997] Crim LR 891, (1997) 94(30) LSG 28, (1997) 147 NL] 990, (1997) 141 SJLB 148, Times, 21 June 1997, Independent, 2 July 1997, [1997] CLY 2418

R v Governor Ex p Osman (No 1) sub nom Osman (No 1), Re [1990] 1 WLR 277, [1989] 3 All ER 701, [1988] 3 WLUK 391, (1990) 90 Cr App R 281, [1988] Crim LR 611, (1990) 87(7) LSG 32, (1990) 134 SJ 458, Times, 13 April 1988 Independent, 15 April 1988 Guardian, 19 April 1988 Daily Telegraph, 21 April 1988 [1990] CLY 1175

R v Green (October 2003, unreported), Exeter Crown Court

R v Grimer [1982] 6 WLUK 204, [1982] Crim LR 674, 126 SJ 641 (CA), [1982] CLY 606

R. v Grout (Philip) [2011] EWCA Crim 299, [2011] 3 WLUK 5, [2011] 1 Cr App R 38, (2011) 175 JP 209, [2011] Crim LR 584, [2011] CLY 780

R. v Hallam (Sam) [2012) EWCA Crim 1158, [2012] 5 WLUK 518

R v Hookway [1999] Crim LR 750, also known as R. v H (Stephen James) (A Juvenile) [1999] Crim LR 750 (CA (Crim Div))

R. v Horncastle (Michael Christopher) [2009] EWCA Crim 964, [2009] 4 All ER 183, [2009] 5 WLUK 566, [2009] 2 Cr App R 15, (2009) 153(21) SJLB 28, Times, 3 June 2009, [2009] CLY 761

R. v Horncastle (Michael Christopher) [2009] UKSC 14, [2010] 2 AC 373, [2010] 2 WLR 47, [2010] 2 All ER 359, [2009] 12 WLUK 249, [2010] 1 Cr App R 17, [2010] HRLR 12, [2010] UKHRR 1, [2010] Crim LR 496, (2009) 153(48) SJLB 32, Times, 10 December 2009, [2010] CLY 658

R. v Humphris (Andrew James) [2005] EWCA Crim 2030, [2005] 7 WLUK 538, (2005) 169 JP 441, (2005) 169 JPN 718, Times, 19 September 2005, [2006] CLY 813

R. v Ilyas (Mohammed), R. v Knight (Paul) [1996] 5 WLUK 330, [1996] Crim LR 810

R. v Jackson (Royston) [2011] EWCA Crim 1870, [2011] 7 WLUK 643

R v Kearley [1992] 2 AC 228, [1992] 2 WLR 656, [1992] 2 All ER 345, [1992] 4 WLUK 107, (1992) 95 Cr App R 888, [1992] Crim LR 797, (1992) 89(21) LSG 28, (1992) 142 NLJ 599, Times, 10 April 1992, Independent, 9 April 1992, [1992] CLY 852

R. v Kelly (Lee Paul) [2013] EWCA Crim 1893, [2018] 7 WLUK 478

R. v Khan (Adeel) [2015] EWCA Crim 1816, [2015] 11 WLUK 550, [2016] 1 Cr App R (S) 47

R. v Khan (Imran), R. v Mahmood (Amjed Khan), R. v Kajla (Jaspal) [2013] EWCA Crim 2230, [2013] 12 WLUK 57, [2014] Crim LR 520

R. v Leonard (Mark Alan) [2009] 4 WLUK 482, [2009] EWCA Crim 1251, (2009) 173 JP 366, [2009] Crim LR 802, [2009] CLY 756

R (on the application of Leong) v DPP [2006] EWHC 1575 (Admin), [2006] 6 WLUK 172

R. v Loveridge (William), R. v Lee (Charles Sonny), R. v Loveridge (Christine) [2001] EWCA Crim 973, [2001] 4 WLUK 290, [2001] 2 Cr App R 29, (2001) 98(23) SJLB 120, Times, 3 May 2002, [2001] CLY 983

R. v Maloney (Gerald) [2003] EWCA Crim 1373, [2003] 5 WLUK 565

R v Mawji (Rizwan) [2003] EWCA Crim 3067, [2003] 10 WLUK 438

R. v Mayers (Jordan) [2009] 1 WLR 1915, [2009] 2 All ER 145, [2008] EWCA Crim 2989, [2008] 12 WLUK 373, [2009] 1 Cr App R 30, [2009] Crim LR 272, [2009] CLY 768

R v McCarthy (Colin Paul), R v Warren (Mark Stephen), R v Lloyd (Leigh Cedric), R v Warren (Robert John) [1997] 11 WLUK 347, [1998] RTR 374, [1998] CLY 867

R. v Midmore (Billy Nathan) [2017] EWCA Crim 533, [2017] 4 WLR 107, [2017] 4 WLUK 529, [2017] 2 Cr App R 8, (2017) 181 JP 354, [2017] Crim LR 793, [2017] CLY 512

R v Minors (Craig), R v Harper (Giselle Gaile) [1989] 1 WLR 441, [1989] 1 All ER 208, [1988] 12 WLUK 161, (1989) 89 Cr App R 102, [1989] Crim LR 360, (1989) 133 SJ 420, [1989] CLY 546

R v Misra (October 2010, unreported) Guildford Crown Court

R. v Murphy (William Francis) [1980] 3 WLUK 64, (1980) 71 Cr App R 33, [1980] RTR 145, [1980] Crim LR 309, (1980) 124 S] 189, [1980] CLY 2295

R. v Najib (Amaar) [2013] EWCA Crim 86, [2013] 2 WLUK 290

R. v Nazeer (Mohammed Azad) [1998] Crim LR 750, [1998] 2 WLUK 93

R. v Neville (1990] 11 WLUK 143, [1991) Crim LR 288, [1991] CLY 623

R. v Newton (Robert John) [1982] 12 WLUK 57, (1983) 77 Cr App R 13, (1982) 4 Cr App R (S) 388, [1983] Crim LR 198, [1983] CLY 815

R. v Oakley (Trevor Alan) [1979) 6 WLUK 43, (1980) 70 Cr App R 7, [1979] RTR 417, [1979] Crim LR 657, [1979] CLY 458

R. v O’Connell (William) [2003] EWCA Crim 502, [2003] 2 WLUK 291

R. v O’Connor (Damien) [2010] EWCA Crim 2287, [2010] 6 WLUK 467, Times, 19 July 2010, [2011] CLY 608

R v Ore (Birmingham Crown Court 1998, unreported)

R. (on the application of O’Shea) v Coventry Magistrates Court [2004] EWHC 905 (Admin), [2004] 4 WLUK 120, [2004] ACD 50, (2004) 101(17) LSG 30, Times, 22 April 2004, [2004] CLY 686

R. v O’Shea (Anthony David) [2010] EWCA Crim 2879, [2010] 12 WLUK 150

R. v Padellec (Pierre) [2012] EWCA Crim 1956, [2012] 6 WLUK 651

R. Pettigrew (Stewart Douglas), R. v Newark (John) [1980] 1 WLUK 561, (1980) 71 Cr App R 39, [1980] Crim LR 239, [1980] CLY 486

R. v Porter (Ross Warwick) [2006] EWCA Crim 560, [2006] 1 WLR 2633, [2007] 2 All ER 625, [2006] 3 WLUK 471, [2006] 2 Cr App R 25, [2006] Crim LR 748, (2006) 103(4) LSG 28, Times, 21 June 2006, [2006] CLY 858

R v Richard John Frankland (1863) Le. & Ca. 276, 169 ER 1394

R v Robson (Bernard Jack), R v Harris (Gordon Federick) [1972] 1 WLR 651, [1972] 2 All ER 699, [1972] 3 WLUK 89 (1972) 56 Cr App R 450, [1972] Crim LR 316, (1972) 116 SJ 313, [1972] CLY 642

R. v Robson (Kenneth), R. v Mitchell (Bernard), R. v Richards (Alan) [1991] 2 WLUK 381, [1991] Crim LR 362, [1991] CLY 646

R v S (F) and A (S) [2008] EWCA Crim 2177, [2009] 1 WLR 1489, [2009] 1 All ER 716, [2008] 10 WLUK 197, [2009] 1 Cr App R 18, [2009] Crim LR 191, (2008) 158 NL] 1459, Times, 15 October 2008, [2008] CLY 711

R. v Saward (Steven Kevin), R. v Bower (Steven Kevin) R. v Harrison (Keith) [2005] EWCA Crim 3183, [2005] 11 WLUK 351

R v Schofield (April 2003, unreported), Reading Crown Court

R. v Scott (Michael Lawrence) [2008] EWCA Crim 3201, [2008] 12 WLUK 671

R. (on the application of Sedgefield BC) v Dickinson [2009] EWHC 2758 (Admin), [2009] 10 WLUK 317

R. v Senat (Martin), R. v Sin (Christopher Cho Him) [1968] 3 WLUK 56, (1968) 52 Cr App R 282, [1968] Crim LR 269, (1968) 112 SJ 252, [1968] CLY 71R v Sharp [1988] 1 All ER 65, at 68, [1988] 1 WLR 7

R v Sharp [1988] 1 All ER 65, [1988] 1 WLR 7

R. v Shephard (Hilda) [1993] AC 380, [1993] 2 WLR 102, [1993] 1 All ER 225, (1992] 12 WLUK 273, (1993) 96 Cr App R 345, (1993) 157 JP 145, [1993] Crim LR 295, (1993) 143 NLJ 127, (1993) 137 SJLB 12, Times, 17 December 1992, Independent, 21 January 1993, [1993] CLY 636

R. v Shone (Robert Dowson) [1982] 6 WLUK 185, (1983) 76 Crim LR 72, [1983] CLY 666

R. v Singh (Alexander Sukadave) [2006] EWCA Crim 660, [2006] 1 WLR 1564, [2006] 2 WLUK 590, [2006] 2 Cr App R 12, (2006) 170 JP 222, [2006] Crim LR 647, (2006 170 JPN 571, Times, 8 March 2006, [2006] (Alexander Sukedave) CLY 787, also known as R. v Singh (Alexander Sukadeve), R. v Singh

R v Sinha (Arun Kumar) [1994] 7 WLUK 34, [1998] Masons CLR 35, [1995] Crim LR 68 (CA), Times, 13 July 1994, Independent, 1 August 1994, [1994] CLY 1137

R v Skegness Magistrates’ Court, Ex parte Cardy [1984] 12 WLUK 244, [1985] RTR 49, [1985] Crim LR 237, (1985) 82 LSG 929, [19851 CLY 3046

R. v Skinner (Philip) [2005] EWCA Crim 1439, [2005] 5 WLUK 506, [2006] Crim LR 56

R v Smith (Graham Westgarth), R v Jayson (Mike) [2002] EWCA Crim 683, [2002] 3 WLUK 178, [2003] 1 Cr App R 13, [2002] Crim. LR 659, Times, 23 April 2002, [2002] CLY 819

R. v Smith (Peter Kenneth) [2011] EWCA Crim 1296, [2011] 5 WLUK 644, [2011] C App R 16, [2011] CLY 602

R. v Spencer (Jeffrey) [2019] EWCA Crim 2240, [2019] 12 WLUK 246

R. v Spiby (John Bric) [1990] 3 WLUK 150, (1990) 91 Cr App R 186, Times, 16 March 1990, Independent, 2 April 1990, Daily Telegraph, 30 March 1990, [1990] CLY 785

R. v Stevenson (Ronald), R. v Hulse (Barry), R. v Whitney (Raymond), [1971] 1 WLR 1, [1971] 1 All ER 678, [1970] 10 WLUK 82, (1971) 55 Cr App R 171, (1971) 115 SJ 11, [1971] CLY 2264

R. v Stubbs (Paul Matthew) [2006] EWCA Crim 2312, [2006] 10 WLUK 328

R v Thomas (Steven) [1986] 7 WLUK 85, [1986] Crim LR 682, [1986] CLY 594

R v Tolson (1864) 4 F & F 103, 176 ER 488

R. v Turner (Andrew Neil) [2020] EWCA Crim 1241, [2020] 9 WLUK 308

R. v Twist (Andrew Terence) [2011] EWCA Crim 1143, [2011] 3 All ER 1055, [2011] 5 WLUK 320, [2011] 2 Cr App R 17, (2011) 175 JP 257, [2011] Crim LR 793, [2011] CLY 584

R v The United Kingdom Electronic Telegraph Company (Limited) (1862) 3 F & F 73, 176 ER

R. v Wayte (William Guy) [1982] 3 WLUK 247, (1982) 76 Cr App R 110, CA, Times, 24 March 1982, [1983] CLY 659

R. (on the application of Wellington) v DPP [2007] EWHC 1061 (Admin), [2007] 5 WLUK 5, (2007) 171 JP 497, (2007) 171 JPN 868, [2007] CLY 836

R. v Welsh (Christopher Mark) [2014] EWCA Crim 1027, [2014] 5 WLUK 740

R v Wiles [1982] Crim LR 669

R v Wood (Stanley William) [1982] 6 WLUK 191, (1983) 76 Cr App R 23, [1982] Crim LR 667, [1983] CLY 636

R. v Xhabri (Agrol) [2005] EWCA Crim 3135, [2006] 1 All ER 776, [2005] 12 WLUK 182, [2006] 1 Cr App R 266, 20 BHRC 233, Times, 10 January 2006, [2006] CLY 788

Richardson v DPP [2003] EWHC 359 (Admin), [2003] 2 WLUK 596

Ringham v Hackett [1980] 1 WLUK 323, (1980) 124 SJ 201, Times, 9 February 1980, [1980] CLY 158

Rotam Agrochemical Company Ltd v GAT Microencapsulation GMBH [2018] EWHC 2765 (Comm), [2018] 10 WLUK 406

Rybak v Langbar International Ltd [2010] EWHC 2015 (Ch) [2010] 7 WLUK 288

St Albans City and District Council v International Computers Limited [1996] 4 All ER 481, [1996] 7 WLUK 443, [1997-98] Info TLR 58, [1997] FSR  251, (1996) 15 Tr lR 444, [1998] Masons CLR Rep 98,  (1997) 20(2) IPD 20020, Times, 24 August 1996, [1996] CLY 1218

SAM Business Systems Limited Hedley and Company (sued as a firm) [2002] EWHC 2733 (TCC), [2003] 1 All ER (Comm) 465, [2002] 12 WLUK 550, [2003] Masons CLR 11, (2003) 147 SJLB 57, [2003] CLY 3616

Saphena Computing Limited v Allied Collection Agencies Limited [1989] 5 WLUK 21, [1995] FSR 616, [1995] CLY 774

Saunders v Anglia Building Society [1971] AC 1004, [1970] 3 WLR 1078, [1970] 3 All ER 961, [1970] 11 WLUK 45, (1971) 22 P & CR 300, (1970) 114 SJ 885, Times, 10 November 1970, [1971] CLY 1805

Scott y Baker [1969] 1 QB 659, [1968] 3 WLR 796, [1968] 2 All ER 993, [1968] 5 WLUK 42, (1968) 52 Cr App R 566, (1968) 132 JP 422, (1968) 112 SJ 425, [1968] CLY 3428

Sectrack NV v Satamatics Ltd [2007] EWHC 3003 (Comm), [2007] 12 WLUK 558

Sell Your Car With Us Ltd v Sareen [2019] EWHC 2332 (Ch), [2019] 9 WLUK 397 [2019] BCC 1211, [2020] 1 CL 112

Senior v Holdsworth Ex p Independent Television News [1976] QB 23, [1975] 2 WLR 987, [1975] 2 All ER 1009, [1975] 3 WLUK 106, (1975) 119 SJ 393, [1975] CLY 1393

Shojibur Rahman v Barclays Bank PLC (unreported, 2012) judgment of HH District Judge Millard

Shojibur Rahman v Barclays Bank PLC (unreported 2013) appeal before H Judge Cryan

Slender v Boothby [1984] 11 WLUK 234, [1985] RTR 385, [1984] 149 JP 405, [1986] CLY 2951

Shelson v Thompson [1984] 10 WUK 254, [1985] RTR 220, [1985] CLY 3058

Sneyd v DPP [2006] EWHC 560 (Admin), [2006] 2 WLUK 635, (2006) 170 JP 545, [2007] RTR 6, (2006) 170 JPN 998, [2006] CLY 799

South West Water Services Ltd v International Computers Ltd [1999] 6 WLUK 427, [1999] BLR 420, [1999-2000] Info TLR 1, [1998-99] Into TLR 154, [1999] ITCLR 439, [2001] Lloyd’s Rep PN 353, [1999] Masons CLR 400, [2000] CLY 870

Standard Bank London Ltd v Bank of Tokyo Ltd 1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 169, [1995] 3 WLUK 182, [1995] CLC 496, [1998] Mason’s CLR Rep 126, Times, 15 April 1995, [1995] CLY 397

Stanford International Bank Ltd (In Receivership), Re [2010] EWCA Civ 137, [2011] Ch 33, [2010] 3 WLR 941, [2010] Bus LR 1270, [2010] 2 WLUK 712, [2011] BCC 211, [2010] Lloyd’s Rep FC 357, [2010] BPIR 679, [2010] CLY 1873, also known as Serious Fraud Office v Wastell, Janvey v Wastell, Stanford International Bank Ltd v Director of the Serious Fraud Office

The Staple of England v The Governor and Company of the Bank of England (1888) 21 QBD 160

The Statue of Liberty Owners of Motorship Sapporo Maru v Owners of Steam Tanker Statue of Liberty [1968] 1 WLR 739, [1968] 2 All ER 195, [1968] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 429, [1968] 3 WLUK 65, (1968) 112 SJ 380, [1968] CLY 1546

Steyner v The Burgesses of Droitwich (1700) Holt K.B. 290, 90 ER 1059 Stockwell (Christopher James) [1993] 3 WLUK 119, (1993) 97 Cr App R 260, Times, 11 March 1993, [1994] CLY 914

Stokes v Moore (1786) 1 Cox 219, 29 ER 1137

Subramaniam v Public Prosecutor [1956] 1 WLR 965, [1956] 7 WLUK 26, (1956) 100 SJ 566, [1956] CLY 7051

Takenaka (UK) Ltd and Corfe v Frankl [2001] EWCA Civ 348, [2001] 3 WLUK 163, [2001] EBLR 40, [2001] CLY 1819

Taylor v Chief Constable of Cheshire [1986] 1 WLR 1479, [1987] 1 All ER 225, [1986] 10 WLUK 244, (1987) 84 Cr App R 191, (1987) 151 JP 103, [1987] Crim LR 119, (1987) 151 JPN 110, (1987) 84 LSG 412, (1986) 130 SJ 953, [1987] CLY 743

Taylor v R. [2011] 2 Cr App Rep 4, [2011] WLR 1809, [2011] 2 Cr App R 4, [2011] 1 WLR 1809, [2011] EWCA Crim 728, [2011] Bus LR 1011, [2011] Lloyd’s Rep FC 348

TFS Stores Ltd v The Designer Retail Outlet Centres (Mansfield) General Partner Ltd [2019] EWHC 1363 (Ch), [2019] Bus LR 1970, [2019] 6 WLUK 10, [2020] 1 P & CR 6, [2019] L & TR 26, [2019] CLY 1697

Thom v DPP [1993] 1 WLUK 823, (1994) 158 JP 414, [1994] RTR 11, [1994] CLY 3977

Tourret v Cripps (1879) 48 LJ Ch 567, 27 WR 706

United Dominions Trust Ltd v Western [1976] QB 513, [1976] 2 WLR 64, [1975] 3 All ER 1017, [1975] 10 WLUK 88, (1975) 119 SJ 792, Times, 28 October 1975, [1976] CLY 339

Vehicle and Operator Services Agency v George Jenkins Transport Limited [2003] EWHC 2879 (Admin), [2003] 11 WLUK 528, Times, 5 December 2003, [2004] CLY 3852

Vestergaard Frandsen A/S v Bestnet Europe Limited [2007] EWHC 2455 (Ch), [2007] 10 WLUK 659, (2008) 31(1) IPD 31005

Victor Chandler International v Customs and Excise Commissioners [2000] 1 WLR 1296, [2000] 2 All ER 315, [2000] 2 WLUK 990, [2001] LLR 401, (2000) 97(11) LSG 36 (2000), 150 NLJ 341, (2000) 144 SJLB 127, Times, 8 March 2000, Independent, 10 March 2000, [2000] CLY 414

Vorotyntseva v Money-4 Ltd (t/a Nebeus.com) [2018] EWHC 2596 (Ch), [2018] 9 WLUK 501

Woodward v Abbey National plc, J P Garrett Electrical Limited v Cotton (26 July 2005, unreported) (UKEATPA/0534/05/SM and UKEATPA/ 0030/05/DZM)

Woodward v Abbey National pic (No 2), I P Garrett Electrical Limited v Cotton [2005] 4 All ER 1346, [2005] 7 WLUK 814, [2005) ICR 1702, [2005] IRLR 782, [2005] CLY 1244

Wright v Doe d Tatham (1837) 7 A & E 313, 11 ER 1378

WS Tankship II BV v The Kwangju Bank Ltd (2011] EWHC 3103 (Comm), [2011] 11 WLUK 729, [2012] CILL 3155

XXX v YYY and ZZZ [2004] EWCA Civ 231, [2004] 2 WLUK 196, [2004] IRLR 471

Young v Flint [1986] 4 WLUK 218, [1987] RTR 300, [1988] CLY 3120

Zahoor v Masood [2009] EWCA Civ 650, [2010] 1 WLR 746, [2010] 1 All ER 888, [2009] 7 WLUK 101, [2009] CP Rep 44, [2010] Bus LR D12, [2010] CLY 424

Zurich Insurance Plc v Romaine [2019] EWCA Civ 851, [2019] 1 WLR 5224, [2019] 5 WLUK 279, [2019] CLY 314

General

Golden Ocean Group Ltd v. Salgaocar Mining Industries Pvt Ltd;

Caton v. Caton [1867] LR 2 HL 127;

Yuen v. Wong [First Tier Tribunal] (2016/1089); and

R (on the application of Mercury Tax Group Ltd) v. HMRC [2008] EWHC 2721 (Admin).